Moody's U.S. debt downgrade is raising concerns that investors could reevaluate their appetite for U.S. government bonds, with the potential for rising yields to put pressure on stocks that are trading at elevated valuations.
Moody's decision to downgrade the U.S. debt rating by a notch late last week due to mounting government debt and rising interest expenses has rekindled fears of a broader investor reappraisal of U.S. sovereign debt, which could drive up borrowing costs across the economy.
"Every time something like this happens, investors just think maybe they should shift a little more out of the U.S.," said Campe Goodman, fixed-income portfolio manager at Wellington Management Company.
Benchmark 10-year yields, which influence mortgage rates as well as borrowing costs for companies and consumers, rose to over 4.5% early on Monday but the selloff then moderated. Yields move inversely to prices. On Tuesday, the bond market selloff continued, with the 10-year yield last seen at 4.48%, slightly above where it closed on Monday.
Longer-dated 30-year yields rose more sharply, hitting a high of over 5% on Monday, the highest since November 2023, and flirting with that level again on Tuesday.
Higher yields have repercussions for stocks, analysts and investors say, as they represent higher borrowing costs for companies as well as greater investment competition from fixed income.
Matthew Miskin, co-chief investment strategist at Manulife John Hancock Investments, said a rise in 10-year yields beyond 4.5% could be a headwind for stocks. "I think what markets are grappling with, is if the 30-year is breaking out, does that mean the rest of the curve is next?" Miskin said.
Over the past few years, stocks have come under pressure during some instances when Treasury yields moved above 4.5%, with sharply rising yields often negatively correlated with stock performance. One prominent example is late 2023 when the S&P 500 slid sharply as the 10-year yield ascended to 5%.
In a note on Monday, Morgan Stanley equity strategist Michael Wilson said 4.5% on the 10-year yield has been "an important level" for equity market valuation over the past two years, with stocks tending to face valuation pressure when 10-year yields breach that threshold.
The price-to-earnings ratio for the S&P 500, based on earnings estimates for the next 12 months, was at 21.7 as of Monday, well above its long-term average of 15.8, according to LSEG Datastream.
Wilson, however, said while a break above 4.5% in the 10-year yield "can lead to modest valuation compression ... we would be buyers of such a dip," he said in the note, citing the recent U.S.-China trade truce as positive for equity markets.
The downgrade has come as Republicans in Congress seek to approve a sweeping package of tax cuts aimed at boosting economic growth that at the same time could add trillions to the $36 trillion U.S. public debt pile, exacerbating concerns highlighted by Moody's over the U.S. fiscal trajectory.
It also follows a detente in the trade war sparked by President Donald Trump's imposition of tariffs on U.S. trade partners. While tariffs are largely seen as being a drag for the economy, a recent trade breakthrough with China had sparked market optimism that their impact would be more muted than feared.
"You move from fears of stagflation, which was low growth and tariff-led inflation, to a better growth backdrop but probably not a better inflation or fiscal backdrop, as you still have this big tax bill getting pushed through," said Ross Mayfield, investment strategist at Baird.
Federal Reserve officials on Monday said the Moody's downgrade could have repercussions for the U.S. economy by raising the cost of capital.
The ratings cut was unlikely to trigger forced selling of Treasuries, as major fixed-income indices only require securities to maintain an investment-grade rating or have no specific sovereign rating guidelines, analysts at BofA Securities said in a note on Monday.
Still, it could cause the yield curve to steepen, they said, with long-dated yields rising due to worsening investor sentiment around the long-term prospects of U.S. debt.
"There could be a time when the bond market gets quite worried that we're continuing to stimulate an economy that's not weak," Goodman said.